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Catalysts for maximising middle distillates
Jan-2012
Collaboration in catalyst development and application, from laboratory scale to commercial operation, enabled a refiner to achieve production objectiv ...
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Debottlenecking an FCC gas concentration unit
Jan-2018
Component trapping by physical carry-over of water can cause capacity bottlenecks that are not easily predicted
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Towards a zero gasoline production refinery: part 2
Oct-2013
Refinery configurations can suit various processing objectives, such as variations to the propylene-to-ethylene ratio and production of middle distillates ...
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Chemical treatment to solve FCCU problems
Jul-2004
From fouling and catalyst carryover to high feed nickel levels and varying feed qualities, FCCU problems can be solved quickly and cost effectively, says ...
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Corrosion and corrosion enhancers in amine systems
Apr-2005
Corrosion in alkanolamine gas treating solutions begins with the acid gases, which are the target of the treating, and is enhanced by several physical ...
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Apr-2017
Finite element analysis can be employed to improve the safety and quality of old or new designs and troubleshoot problems in the field
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FCC catalyst optimisation in response to rare earth prices
Oct-2011
Lower levels of rare-earth catalyst formulations offset higher raw material costs, but refiners must consider the effects on catalyst performance and ...
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FCC flue gas scrubber alternatives: part II
Oct-2009
The merits of combining additives and barrier filters as a cost-effective alternative to meeting SOx, NOx and particulate matter emissions targets
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Apr-2004
Water entrapment and foaming must be avoided to maximise LPG recovery and minimise downstream unit contaminants
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Catalyst best practices — lessons from resid FCC units in the Middle East
May-2016
The Middle East expansion into the refined products market is driving large-scale, highly complex refinery projects. These projects include some of the ...
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Apr-2016
Analysing spent hydroprocessing catalyst underpins the development of guard bed catalysts to counter contaminants.
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Catalytic strategies to meet gasoline sulphur limits
Apr-2015
Stricter regulations reducing average gasoline sulphur content will require further reduction of FCC gasoline sulphur
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Role of FCC catalyst in refinery profitability
Jan-2014
By switching to a rare earth-free FCC catalyst, a refiner raised its output of premium grade gasoline and increased its operating margin
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Reducing refinery SOx emissions
Jul-2006
Through an extensive study and 18-month trial, a Canadian refinery chose SOx reduction additive technology to reduce its SOx emissions
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Sep-2003
Causes, penalties and solutions to coking in the FCC reactor vapour line, with regard to inlet nozzle coking affecting unit capacity, conversion and r ...
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Apr-2017
Detailed catalyst data collected over 15 years reveal shifts in FCC yields in response to changing market conditions, and provide a marker for future unit ...
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Feb-2004
A post audit at a Japanese refinery using a proprietary FCC model and catalyst-evaluation methodology determines a real improvement in profitability
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Catalytic solutions for processing shale oils in the FCC
Apr-2014
Monetising tight oils requires suppression of unconventional metals contamination and gas formation, and adherence to flexible catalyst functionality
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Risks of accumulated sulphur in sulphur recovery unit
Aug-1998
Follow-up data to an October 1997 article proves with refinery experience that caustic neutralisation does not improve system operations
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Catalyst technologies for improved FCC yields
Nov-2017
Boron based nickel passivation enables refiners to reduce contaminant hydrogen and coke production and improve FCC yields.
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Controlling the metals content of FCC equilibrium catalyst
Sep-2018
A method for calculating catalyst make-up provides a means to control the stability of FCC equilibrium catalyst in terms of metals content
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Maximising profitability with FCC feeds from opportunity crudes
May-2015
Case studies show how to achieve optimal monetisation value with opportunity feeds through operating strategies, innovative catalysts and technical st ...
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Can refiners afford carbon capture?
Jan-2010
CCS is not widely considered an economical way of reducing refiners’ carbon footprints, but case studies indicate great variation in the cost of imp ...
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Cracking furnace design by computer application
Apr-2000
Examples of how a technique known as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been employed to improve and optimise the design of the cracking furnace. The ...
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Catalytic cracking process enhances production of olefins
Oct-2009
A FCC technology and catalyst formulation selectively crack a wide range of feeds, including residue, to yield high quantities of light olefins
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FCC reactor design: 
part II
Jan-2009
In part I, reaction kinetics, cracking chemistry, pressure balance, catalyst and vapour residence times, and fluidisation were considered. In part II, ...
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Advances in FCC catalyst performance
Oct-2010
Upgraded manufacturing processes have produced an FCC catalyst with increased gasoline yield and high hydrothermal stability at high severity operatio ...
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Future of opportunity crudes processing
Oct-2011
Five critical drivers help refiners remain profitable and sustain long-term business goals while processing relatively inexpensive, low-quality crudes
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Measuring metal mobility in FCC equilibrium catalysts (TIA)
Jun-2015
In recent years, a number of new techniques have been used to study metal mobility and metal effects in FCC units. These techniques brought new insights ...
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Analytics to identify FCC trends
Oct-2015
Robust gasoline demand since the beginning of 2015 has defied expectations. In spite of on-going talks of ‘dieselisation’ in the transportation fuel ...
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Use of non-abrasive ceramic materials in the FCCU
Oct-2017
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) technology has been a part of the petroleum industry since it was introduced in the US in 1942 to help feed the voracious ...
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A flexible and innovative solution to temporarily mitigate FCC catalyst losses (ERTC)
Jan-2019
In the fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), fluidisation of the catalyst is essential to ensure continuous operation of the unit.
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Improved distribution of spent catalyst
Nov-2019
Application of a newly designed spent catalyst distributor improves spent catalyst distribution, coke combustion and bed temperatures in the FCC.
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FCC catalyst coolers in maximum propylene mode
Mar-2012
Catalyst cooling technology for continuous heat removal from the regenerator in maximum propylene operations can avoid damage to FCC catalyst and equi ...
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FCC profitability assessment via 
advanced modelling
Oct-2015
Process and computational fluid dynamic modelling were applied to validate the technology used in an FCC unit revamp at Shell’s Puget Sound refinery ...
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Choosing a selective hydrogenation system
Oct-2002
Data has shown the effectiveness of palladium catalyst for the removal of diolefins and acetylenes in steam cracking as well as catalytic cracking
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FCC gasoline and C4 streams for 
BTX production
Oct-2009
An extractive distillation process provides direct recovery of aromatics from FCC gasoline to rebalance refinery production towards higher levels of p ...
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How ZSM-5 works on FCC gasoline composition
Oct-2015
A study of the effect of matrix versus zeolite in the base catalyst on the composition of light and heavy gasoline fractions.
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FCC unit revamps at minimum cost
Oct-2016
Selective modifications for FCC unit revamps can deliver the best return 
on investment
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Capturing maximum value with tight oil feeds in the FCC
Apr-2014
FCCs processing tight oil feeds require catalyst choices to deal with higher conversion, heat balance concerns, and higher sodium, calcium and iron.
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Apr-2016
Analysing spent hydroprocessing catalyst underpins the development of guard bed catalysts to counter contaminants.
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Increasing FCC propylene yield
Apr-2016
A test run with ZSM-5 additive demonstrated to a refinery that it could significantly raise production of propylene in the FCC.
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Maximising distillate production from the FCC unit
Jul-1998
In the heating oil season, many refiners switch from a gasoline to a distillate mode of operation of the FCC unit, to increase light cycle oil yield
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Reducing gasoline sulphur with additives
Apr-2004
Evolution of regulations in an era of limited capital has led to the development of catalyst additive technologies to reduce FCC gasoline sulphur
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Increased activity in FCC pretreat
May-2015
Advances in metal chelation techniques deliver higher performance catalysts for FCC pretreat. The process of optimising a catalyst is no easy task.
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Hydrate formation in a fluid catalytic cracking off-gas line
Apr-2019
A hydrate blockage led to sudden loss of a FCC unit’s off-gas flow and a system pressure surge. Comprehensive troubleshooting delivered remedial mea ...
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Jul-2011
UOP Callidus supplies and installs complete systems and various subsystem components for CO boilers and other FCC related ancillary equipment.
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An alternative to rare earth elements in FCC catalysts - the use of Phinesse at Shell Sarnia
Apr-2016
Rare earth (RE) elements have been utilised since the 1960s to stabilise Y-zeolites used in Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) catalysts. Of the RE elements, ...
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FCC additive cuts delta coke (TIA)
May-2017
In the majority of cases, the most profitable fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units are the ones that are operated consistently against one or more operational ...
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Managing ammonium salts corrosion and fouling
Nov-2021
An additive overcame corrosion and fouling issues in a FCC unit, avoiding costs arising from water wash.
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Nov-2017
Collaboration between technical and project teams enabled the fast-track replacement of an FCC unit
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Use of non-abrasive ceramic materials in the FCCU
Oct-2017
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) technology has been a part of the petroleum industry since it was introduced in the US in 1942 to help feed the voracious ...
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FCC gasoline desulphurisation for Tier 3 sulphur compliance
Sep-2017
FCC gasoline desulphurisation is used widely in refineries around the world. It is growing in importance because of new regulations that require sulphur ...
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Improving FCC unit profitability
Aug-2017
Upgrading the FCC catalyst and additive system enabled a refiner to increase olefins production with lower bottoms to coke and no increase in dry gas.
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FCC product fractionation for maximum LCO
Jul-2017
For increased production of diesel over gasoline, maximising recovery of LCO from the FCC reactor can be part of the scheme
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FCC additive cuts delta coke (TIA)
May-2017
In the majority of cases, the most profitable fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units are the ones that are operated consistently against one or more operational ...
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Apr-2017
Detailed catalyst data collected over 15 years reveal shifts in FCC yields in response to changing market conditions, and provide a marker for future unit ...
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Apr-2017
Finite element analysis can be employed to improve the safety and quality of old or new designs and troubleshoot problems in the field
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FCC catalyst for maximum propylene
Nov-2016
A case study for boosting unit profitability through FCC catalyst selection for propylene maximisation
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Catalyst trial for maximum conversion FCC (TIA)
Oct-2016
Fluidised catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst technology is continuously innovating, with suppliers introducing a couple of new catalyst technologies to ...
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Emission challenges in partial burn FCC operation (TIA)
Oct-2016
Partial burn regenerator operation offers the possibility to process lower cost crudes. This makes partial burn operation very competitive for conversion ...
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Controlling LPG/propylene quality
Oct-2016
Online analysers can minimise costly upsets in FCC LPG/propylene quality and realise savings in caustic wash operations.
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FCC unit revamps at minimum cost
Oct-2016
Selective modifications for FCC unit revamps can deliver the best return 
on investment
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HS-FCC for propylene: concept to commercial operation
Oct-2016
A FCC process provides a high light olefin yield from a wide variety of feedstocks utilising high severity reaction conditions and a novel down flow reaction ...
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Troubleshooting standpipe aeration
Sep-2016
Standpipe aeration plays a critical role in smooth catalyst circulation in the riser and reactor of a FCC unit. A refiner details guidelines for effective ...
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Upgrading FCC catalyst performance (TIA)
Jul-2016
A US refiner processing crude from the Permian Basin, including both sweet (WTI) and sour (WTS) crude oil, underwent a major FCC turnaround in 2014.
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Pushing the limits of FCC gasoline desulphurisation
Jul-2016
The goal of FCC gasoline desulphurisation to desulphurise FCC gasoline with minimum octane loss. The process uses conventional naphtha hydrotreating and ...
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Rationalisation of and mitigation options for proposed EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0682
Jul-2016
Part 2: Impact on FCC units. In May 2014, the EPA issued EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0682, FRL-9720-4, RIN 2060-AQ75 for review and comment.
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The outlook for transport fuels: Part 2
Jun-2016
As demand evolves, as specifications change, and as new fuel opportunities arise, what are the implications for refiners up to mid-century?
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The fastest route to higher octanes
May-2016
The refinery octane pool is balanced and determined by the aggregate performance of multiple process units.
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Catalyst best practices — lessons from resid FCC units in the Middle East
May-2016
The Middle East expansion into the refined products market is driving large-scale, highly complex refinery projects. These projects include some of the ...
-
Apr-2016
Analysing spent hydroprocessing catalyst underpins the development of guard bed catalysts to counter contaminants.
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Increasing FCC propylene yield
Apr-2016
A test run with ZSM-5 additive demonstrated to a refinery that it could significantly raise production of propylene in the FCC.
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The advantages of catalyst accessibility (TIA)
Apr-2016
Fluid catalytic cracking is a diffusion limited process; nevertheless, the industry has evolved towards short contact time to minimise thermal cracking ...
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FCCPT stacked catalyst systems (TIA)
Apr-2016
The pretreatment of feed for FCC units offers significant performance advantages for FCC operation including overall conversion, improved yields, FCC products ...