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Towards a zero gasoline production refinery: part 1
Jul-2013
Integrating products from the steam cracker, aromatics complex and FCC unit to produce petrochemicals without gasoline may offer more attractive margi ...
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Strategies for improved naphtha processing
Oct-2013
To take advantage of dilbit from Alberta and light oils from shale formations, refiners must develop a strategy for processing additional naphthas and ...
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Avoiding FCC regenerator upsets
Feb-2006
Examination of all unit operating conditions indicates that lowering the regenerator bed level will eliminate catalyst upsets and increase unit charge ...
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Evaluating FCC flue gas emission-control technologies
Jan-2008
Comparing technologies for reducing FCCU flue gas emissions. Special emphasis is placed on selecting cost-effective solutions, particularly in the area ...
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Jan-2013
Poor-quality crude oils and strict environmental regulations promote the use of technologies that favour energy savings and environmental protection
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HCN and NOx control strategies in the FCC
Apr-2014
Results of research into emissions from the FCC, plus guidance on how to obtain the minimum level of NOx.
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Regenerator head replacement project
Oct-2008
How one of the world’s largest FCC regenerator heads with cyclones was removed and replaced during a 30-day turnaround
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Salt deposition in FCC gas concentration units
Oct-2009
Various operational problems can arise when ammonium chloride deposition occurs in FCC gas concentration units, and there is a range of likely causes
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Profiting with FCC feedstock diversity
Jul-2006
Gasoline sulphur-reduction catalysts and additives can provide additional options and flexibility while maximising refinery profitability
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FCC catalyst coolers in maximum propylene mode
Mar-2012
Catalyst cooling technology for continuous heat removal from the regenerator in maximum propylene operations can avoid damage to FCC catalyst and equi ...
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Revamping FCC emissions control
Oct-2011
An upgrade of FCC unit emissions reduction at a Tulsa refinery relied on computational modelling to develop optimal flow control systems
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Reducing gasoline sulphur with additives
Apr-2004
Evolution of regulations in an era of limited capital has led to the development of catalyst additive technologies to reduce FCC gasoline sulphur
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Improving FCCUs: bottoms system upgrades
Jul-2003
A review of process flow scheme fundamentals and basic equipment operating and design principles that have improved unit operating profitability through ...
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Catalysts for maximising middle distillates
Jan-2012
Collaboration in catalyst development and application, from laboratory scale to commercial operation, enabled a refiner to achieve production objectiv ...
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The importance of using pilot plant testing for FCC catalyst selection
Aug-2013
In the EMEA region, over 65% of refineries perform catalyst testing prior to selecting FCC catalysts for their units.
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Reducing sulphur oxide emissions from the FCC unit
Feb-2010
Application of a SOx-reduction additive enabled a refiner to meet a pressing requirement to reduce emissions from its FCCU
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Advanced process control in FCC and hydrocracking units
Apr-2015
Implementation of advanced process control of two major units produced significant savings with short payback times
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Optimising the FCC regenerator for reduced emissions
Oct-2010
Increasing scrutiny of FCC stack emissions calls for special attention to be paid to the regenerator’s combustion zone
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Improving FCC catalyst performance
Mar-2006
Higher volumes of heavier feeds can be processed with additives designed to enhance base catalyst effectiveness. Deactivation and dehydrogenation problems ...
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Zero and low rare earth FCC catalysts
Oct-2011
Blends of rare earth-free and rare earth-based catalysts for resid feed FCC applications have maintained and even improved performance
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Hydrogen transfer and ZSM-5 in maximising propylene
Apr-2015
Used at high concentrations to maximise propylene from the fluid catalytic cracking unit, ZSM-5 strongly influences a complex matrix of reactions.
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Hydrocarbon removal from amines demonstrated experience
Mar-2006
Bringing amine system contaminants down to low levels has reduced operational problems. Several large operating facilities are now using the latest technology ...
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Apr-2004
Water entrapment and foaming must be avoided to maximise LPG recovery and minimise downstream unit contaminants
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Towards a zero gasoline production refinery: part 2
Oct-2013
Refinery configurations can suit various processing objectives, such as variations to the propylene-to-ethylene ratio and production of middle distillates ...
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FCC flue gas scrubber alternatives: part II
Oct-2009
The merits of combining additives and barrier filters as a cost-effective alternative to meeting SOx, NOx and particulate matter emissions targets
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Increasing FCC propylene yield
Apr-2016
A test run with ZSM-5 additive demonstrated to a refinery that it could significantly raise production of propylene in the FCC.
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Apr-2016
Analysing spent hydroprocessing catalyst underpins the development of guard bed catalysts to counter contaminants.
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Challenges and opportunities of an FCC revamp
Jul-2018
An FCC revamp for enhanced refinery performance and profitability called for close coordination with the technology licensor and contractors.
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Choosing a selective hydrogenation system
Oct-2002
Data has shown the effectiveness of palladium catalyst for the removal of diolefins and acetylenes in steam cracking as well as catalytic cracking
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FCC gasoline and C4 streams for BTX production
Oct-2009
An extractive distillation process provides direct recovery of aromatics from FCC gasoline to rebalance refinery production towards higher levels of p ...
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How ZSM-5 works on FCC gasoline composition
Oct-2015
A study of the effect of matrix versus zeolite in the base catalyst on the composition of light and heavy gasoline fractions.
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FCC unit revamps at minimum cost
Oct-2016
Selective modifications for FCC unit revamps can deliver the best return on investment
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Improving FCC catalyst performance
Mar-2006
Higher volumes of heavier feeds can be processed with additives designed to enhance base catalyst effectiveness. Deactivation and dehydrogenation problems ...
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Impact of bitumen feeds on the FCCU: part I
Jul-2008
The impact of processing bitumen-derived feeds on FCC operations and product yields is assessed, and the capital investments required to process varying ...
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FCC flue gas scrubber alternatives: part I
Jul-2009
The merits of combining additives and barrier filters as a cost-effective and highly efficient way of meeting SOx, NOx and particulate matter emissions ...
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Emission challenges in partial burn FCC operation (TIA)
Oct-2016
Partial burn regenerator operation offers the possibility to process lower cost crudes. This makes partial burn operation very competitive for conversion ...
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FCC metals trapping additive trial (TIA)
Apr-2019
The Parkland refinery in Burnaby, British Columbia has consistently high levels of feed metals going to the FCC. In the past, high levels of fresh catalyst ...
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Jul-2011
UOP Callidus supplies and installs complete systems and various subsystem components for CO boilers and other FCC related ancillary equipment.
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Advanced process control in FCC and hydrocracking units
Apr-2015
Implementation of advanced process control of two major units produced significant savings with short payback times
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Olefins and octane from FCC operations
Jun-2022
The worldwide olefins market is valued at over $322 billion by 2026 and is anticipated to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 4.0% for the 2022 to ...
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Role of FCC catalyst in refinery profitability
Jan-2014
By switching to a rare earth-free FCC catalyst, a refiner raised its output of premium grade gasoline and increased its operating margin
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Improving FCC unit profitability
Aug-2017
Upgrading the FCC catalyst and additive system enabled a refiner to increase olefins production with lower bottoms to coke and no increase in dry gas.
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Jan-2009
In part I, reaction kinetics, cracking chemistry, pressure balance, catalyst and vapour residence times, and fluidisation were considered. In part II, ...
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Advances in FCC catalyst performance
Oct-2010
Upgraded manufacturing processes have produced an FCC catalyst with increased gasoline yield and high hydrothermal stability at high severity operatio ...
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Future of opportunity crudes processing
Oct-2011
Five critical drivers help refiners remain profitable and sustain long-term business goals while processing relatively inexpensive, low-quality crudes
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Measuring metal mobility in FCC equilibrium catalysts (TIA)
Jun-2015
In recent years, a number of new techniques have been used to study metal mobility and metal effects in FCC units. These techniques brought new insights ...
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A flexible and innovative solution to temporarily mitigate FCC catalyst losses (ERTC)
Jan-2019
In the fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), fluidisation of the catalyst is essential to ensure continuous operation of the unit.
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Increased activity in FCC pretreat
May-2015
Advances in metal chelation techniques deliver higher performance catalysts for FCC pretreat. The process of optimising a catalyst is no easy task.
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Hydrate formation in a fluid catalytic cracking off-gas line
Apr-2019
A hydrate blockage led to sudden loss of a FCC unit’s off-gas flow and a system pressure surge. Comprehensive troubleshooting delivered remedial mea ...
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Bottoms upgrading of FCC resid feedstock
Jun-2019
A refiner chose a new catalyst to improve bottoms upgrading and maximise fuels production from resid feeds.
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Debottlenecking an FCC gas concentration unit
Jan-2018
Component trapping by physical carry-over of water can cause capacity bottlenecks that are not easily predicted
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Catalyst technologies for improved FCC yields
Nov-2017
Boron based nickel passivation enables refiners to reduce contaminant hydrogen and coke production and improve FCC yields.
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Nov-2017
Collaboration between technical and project teams enabled the fast-track replacement of an FCC unit
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Use of non-abrasive ceramic materials in the FCCU
Oct-2017
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) technology has been a part of the petroleum industry since it was introduced in the US in 1942 to help feed the voracious ...
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FCC gasoline desulphurisation for Tier 3 sulphur compliance
Sep-2017
FCC gasoline desulphurisation is used widely in refineries around the world. It is growing in importance because of new regulations that require sulphur ...
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Improving FCC unit profitability
Aug-2017
Upgrading the FCC catalyst and additive system enabled a refiner to increase olefins production with lower bottoms to coke and no increase in dry gas.
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FCC product fractionation for maximum LCO
Jul-2017
For increased production of diesel over gasoline, maximising recovery of LCO from the FCC reactor can be part of the scheme
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FCC additive cuts delta coke (TIA)
May-2017
In the majority of cases, the most profitable fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units are the ones that are operated consistently against one or more operational ...
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Apr-2017
Detailed catalyst data collected over 15 years reveal shifts in FCC yields in response to changing market conditions, and provide a marker for future unit ...
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Apr-2017
Finite element analysis can be employed to improve the safety and quality of old or new designs and troubleshoot problems in the field
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FCC catalyst for maximum propylene
Nov-2016
A case study for boosting unit profitability through FCC catalyst selection for propylene maximisation
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Catalyst trial for maximum conversion FCC (TIA)
Oct-2016
Fluidised catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst technology is continuously innovating, with suppliers introducing a couple of new catalyst technologies to ...
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Emission challenges in partial burn FCC operation (TIA)
Oct-2016
Partial burn regenerator operation offers the possibility to process lower cost crudes. This makes partial burn operation very competitive for conversion ...
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Controlling LPG/propylene quality
Oct-2016
Online analysers can minimise costly upsets in FCC LPG/propylene quality and realise savings in caustic wash operations.
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FCC unit revamps at minimum cost
Oct-2016
Selective modifications for FCC unit revamps can deliver the best return on investment
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HS-FCC for propylene: concept to commercial operation
Oct-2016
A FCC process provides a high light olefin yield from a wide variety of feedstocks utilising high severity reaction conditions and a novel down flow reaction ...
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Troubleshooting standpipe aeration
Sep-2016
Standpipe aeration plays a critical role in smooth catalyst circulation in the riser and reactor of a FCC unit. A refiner details guidelines for effective ...
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Upgrading FCC catalyst performance (TIA)
Jul-2016
A US refiner processing crude from the Permian Basin, including both sweet (WTI) and sour (WTS) crude oil, underwent a major FCC turnaround in 2014.
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Pushing the limits of FCC gasoline desulphurisation
Jul-2016
The goal of FCC gasoline desulphurisation to desulphurise FCC gasoline with minimum octane loss. The process uses conventional naphtha hydrotreating and ...
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Rationalisation of and mitigation options for proposed EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0682
Jul-2016
Part 2: Impact on FCC units. In May 2014, the EPA issued EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0682, FRL-9720-4, RIN 2060-AQ75 for review and comment.
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The outlook for transport fuels: Part 2
Jun-2016
As demand evolves, as specifications change, and as new fuel opportunities arise, what are the implications for refiners up to mid-century?
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The fastest route to higher octanes
May-2016
The refinery octane pool is balanced and determined by the aggregate performance of multiple process units.
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Catalyst best practices – lessons from resid FCC units in the Middle East
May-2016
The Middle East expansion into the refined products market is driving large-scale, highly complex refinery projects. These projects include some of the ...
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Apr-2016
Analysing spent hydroprocessing catalyst underpins the development of guard bed catalysts to counter contaminants.
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Increasing FCC propylene yield
Apr-2016
A test run with ZSM-5 additive demonstrated to a refinery that it could significantly raise production of propylene in the FCC.