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Effect of hydrocarbon partial pressure on FCC propylene production
Jul-2008
Results of cracking experiments are discussed, where the hydrocarbon partial pressure was varied by altering the total reactor pressure, feed rate and ...
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Towards a zero gasoline production refinery: part 1
Jul-2013
Integrating products from the steam cracker, aromatics complex and FCC unit to produce petrochemicals without gasoline may offer more attractive margi ...
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Evaluating FCC flue gas emission-control technologies
Jan-2008
Comparing technologies for reducing FCCU flue gas emissions. Special emphasis is placed on selecting cost-effective solutions, particularly in the area ...
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Jul-2006
The use of both regenerative and non-regenerative wet scrubbing systems to control the emission of particulate and SO2 is well proven and established
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Jan-2013
Poor-quality crude oils and strict environmental regulations promote the use of technologies that favour energy savings and environmental protection
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Jan-2006
ZSM-5-based catalysts are being used in FCCUs to increase propylene yields by as much as 15%
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Advanced process control in FCC and hydrocracking units
Apr-2015
Implementation of advanced process control of two major units produced significant savings with short payback times
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FCC catalyst coolers in maximum propylene mode
Mar-2012
Catalyst cooling technology for continuous heat removal from the regenerator in maximum propylene operations can avoid damage to FCC catalyst and equi ...
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Salt deposition in FCC gas concentration units
Oct-2009
Various operational problems can arise when ammonium chloride deposition occurs in FCC gas concentration units, and there is a range of likely causes
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Regenerator head replacement project
Oct-2008
How one of the world’s largest FCC regenerator heads with cyclones was removed and replaced during a 30-day turnaround
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Profiting with FCC feedstock diversity
Jul-2006
Gasoline sulphur-reduction catalysts and additives can provide additional options and flexibility while maximising refinery profitability
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Avoiding FCC regenerator upsets
Feb-2006
Examination of all unit operating conditions indicates that lowering the regenerator bed level will eliminate catalyst upsets and increase unit charge ...
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The importance of using pilot plant testing for FCC catalyst selection
Aug-2013
In the EMEA region, over 65% of refineries perform catalyst testing prior to selecting FCC catalysts for their units.
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Zero and low rare earth FCC catalysts
Oct-2011
Blends of rare earth-free and rare earth-based catalysts for resid feed FCC applications have maintained and even improved performance
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HCN and NOx control strategies 
in the FCC
Apr-2014
Results of research into emissions from the FCC, plus guidance on how to obtain the minimum level of NOx.
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Hydrogen transfer and ZSM-5 in maximising propylene
Apr-2015
Used at high concentrations to maximise propylene from the fluid catalytic cracking unit, ZSM-5 strongly influences a complex matrix of reactions.
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Improving FCCUs: bottoms system upgrades
Jul-2003
A review of process flow scheme fundamentals and basic equipment operating and design principles that have improved unit operating profitability through ...
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Revamping FCC emissions control
Oct-2011
An upgrade of FCC unit emissions reduction at a Tulsa refinery relied on computational modelling to develop optimal flow control systems
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Reducing sulphur oxide emissions from the FCC unit
Feb-2010
Application of a SOx-reduction additive enabled a refiner to meet a pressing requirement to reduce emissions from its FCCU
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Nov-2017
Collaboration between technical and project teams enabled the fast-track replacement of an FCC unit
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Hydrocarbon removal from amines demonstrated experience
Mar-2006
Bringing amine system contaminants down to low levels has reduced operational problems. Several large operating facilities are now using the latest technology ...
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Optimising the FCC regenerator for reduced emissions
Oct-2010
Increasing scrutiny of FCC stack emissions calls for special attention to be paid to the regenerator’s combustion zone
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Improving FCC catalyst performance
Mar-2006
Higher volumes of heavier feeds can be processed with additives designed to enhance base catalyst effectiveness. Deactivation and dehydrogenation problems ...
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The fastest route to higher octanes
May-2016
The refinery octane pool is balanced and determined by the aggregate performance of multiple process units.
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Reducing NOx emissions from FCC regenerators
Mar-2009
Case study demonstrates the performance of new technology for reducing NOx emissions in regenerator flue gas. The new developments reduce NOx emissions ...
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Accurate analysis of chlorine in vacuum gas oil and low sulphur fuel oil
Apr-2021
Why measure chlorine in vgo and vlsfo? Vacuum gas oil, more commonly referred to as VGO, is primarily used as a feed for cracking units such as the fluid ...
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Maximising yields and profits from the FCC unit
Aug-2021
Comparative additive trials demonstrated a gain in petrochemicals output and profit from an integrated refinery’s FCC unit.
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Nov-2021
Co-processing biogenic feedstocks offers refiners options for meeting renewable fuel standards and other regulatory requirements.
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Reactor runaways - automatic or manual depressuring?
Feb-2023
Recently, I have had several discussions and inquiries regarding reactor runaway events and whether automatic depressuring systems are needed for hydroprocessing ...
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Mitigating FCC gas plant impacts when increasing reactor LPG yields
Apr-2023
Increasing FCC reactor LPG yields at the expense of gasoline increases profitability, but equipment downstream of the converter requires modifications ...
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Pushing the limits of FCC gasoline desulphurisation
Jul-2016
The goal of FCC gasoline desulphurisation to desulphurise FCC gasoline with minimum octane loss. The process uses conventional naphtha hydrotreating and ...
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FCC gas concentration unit 
stripper revamp
Jul-2007
Unit charge rate and reactor conversion were increased by the elimination of stripper column flooding. Chemical-grade propylene specifications were me ...
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Predicting FCC unit performance with laboratory testing
Mar-2013
Proper simulation of e-cat and reaction conditions is critical for modelling future FCC unit operations
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FCC metals trapping additive trial (TIA)
Apr-2019
The Parkland refinery in Burnaby, British Columbia has consistently high levels of feed metals going to the FCC. In the past, high levels of fresh catalyst ...
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Advances in FCC catalyst performance
Oct-2010
Upgraded manufacturing processes have produced an FCC catalyst with increased gasoline yield and high hydrothermal stability at high severity operatio ...
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Greatly increase FCC residue processing through simple steps of additive control (ERTC)
Jan-2019
With oncoming challenges of IMO and further gaseous emissions control regulations, it is becoming a challenge for refiners in the European area to stay ...
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FCC catalyst accelerates bottoms upgrading
Apr-2020
A competitive FCC catalyst trial demonstrated that improved diffusion of feed and products boosts unit performance when residence time is short
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HCN and NOx control strategies 
in the FCC
Apr-2014
Results of research into emissions from the FCC, plus guidance on how to obtain the minimum level of NOx.
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Advanced process control in FCC and hydrocracking units
Apr-2015
Implementation of advanced process control of two major units produced significant savings with short payback times
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Maximising propylene and isobutylene from the FCC
Aug-2018
A combination of recent catalyst and additive developments raised a refinery’s output of FCC propylene and isobutylene.
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FCC SOx additives and security of supply
Jun-2021
Rare earth prices could accelerate again as a result of trade tensions.
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Diesel hydrotreating and mild hydrocracking
Oct-2011
Increased hydroprocessing capability must provide an acceptable long-term return on capital, while producing the desired product yields and qualities
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Consider multivariate statistical modelling to maximise FCC unit profitability
Nov-2013
Process models(a) and simulation(b) can be used to simulate the fluidised-bed catalytic cracking (FCC) unit process, kinetic or multivariate statistical ...
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Control of foaming in amine systems
Sep-2007
Amine solutions foam. Solution foaming causes plant upsets. It is the disengagement or break time that differentiates normal, desirable froth from undesirable ...
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FCC co-processing of biogenic and recyclable feedstocks: Part I
Apr-2024
Refinery sustainability drivers predicate a focus on renewable and recyclable feedstocks and the challenges and solutions for co-processing them in FCC ...
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Improving FCC catalyst performance
Mar-2006
Higher volumes of heavier feeds can be processed with additives designed to enhance base catalyst effectiveness. Deactivation and dehydrogenation problems ...
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Impact of bitumen feeds 
on the FCCU: part I
Jul-2008
The impact of processing bitumen-derived feeds on FCC operations and product yields is assessed, and the capital investments required to process varying ...
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FCC flue gas scrubber alternatives: part I
Jul-2009
The merits of combining additives and barrier filters as a cost-effective and highly efficient way of meeting SOx, NOx and particulate matter emissions ...
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Emission challenges in partial burn FCC operation (TIA)
Oct-2016
Partial burn regenerator operation offers the possibility to process lower cost crudes. This makes partial burn operation very competitive for conversion ...
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Challenges and opportunities of an FCC revamp
Jul-2018
An FCC revamp for enhanced refinery performance and profitability called for close coordination with the technology licensor and contractors.
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Making innovative catalysts to trigger a reaction in chemical, gas and refining processes
Aug-2020
When you are creating high-quality petrochemical end products, you must first trigger a reaction.
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Revamp raises crude flexibility and profits (TIA)
Aug-2020
Hyundai Oilbank (HDO) has been operating an atmospheric residue desulphurisation (ARDS) unit, producing feed for the RFCC unit, at its Daesan, South Korea, ...
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Capturing value through integrated improvements at the FCC-PT—FCC complex
Jul-2020
Introduction: the importance of fcc-pt—fcc unit integration. As they strive to remain competitive in the face of changing market dynamics, many refiners ...
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Petrochemicals from refinery intermediates — beyond polyolefins
Jul-2020
Diversifying chemical synthesis routes based on simple olefins can add major value for an integrated refining-petrochemical complex.
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Improving level control under extreme conditions such as in FCC units
Jun-2020
Catalytic cracking is one of the most important conversion process used in petroleum refineries. It is a widely used process in the refineries for converting ...
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FCC equilibrium catalyst analysis
May-2020
Analysis of equilibrium catalyst provides important indications of FCC catalyst performance, cyclone mechanical integrity, and attrition
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Resid to propylene: the two-step approach
Apr-2020
For maximum propylene from the FCC unit, refiners should customise their catalyst for properties best suited to deep conversion that can handle residue ...
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FCC catalyst accelerates bottoms upgrading
Apr-2020
A competitive FCC catalyst trial demonstrated that improved diffusion of feed and products boosts unit performance when residence time is short
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EnviroSOx enables full FCC operation through turnaround
Dec-2019
Applying BASF’s EnviroSOx additive, the PKN ORLEN PÅ‚ock refinery was able to maintain FCC flue gas SOx emissions below 800 mg/Nm3 (@ 3 vol% O2) during ...
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Introducing FUSION — the best of both worlds (ERTC)
Dec-2019
One of the keys to optimal FCC catalyst performance is striking the right balance between zeolite and matrix, both in terms of selectivity and activit ...
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Implementing advanced technologies for crude to chemicals projects (ERTC)
Dec-2019
According to the IEA, already a major component of the global energy system, the importance of petrochemicals is continuing to grow.
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FCC additive technology for SOx reduction
Nov-2019
Advances in metal dispersion and structure delivered a SOx reduction additive that is driving down refiners’ FCC emission levels.
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Improved distribution of spent catalyst
Nov-2019
Application of a newly designed spent catalyst distributor improves spent catalyst distribution, coke combustion and bed temperatures in the FCC.
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Jul-2019
New catalyst technologies and technical service support helped a refiner overcome difficulties with VGO conversion.
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Bottoms upgrading of FCC resid feedstock
Jun-2019
A refiner chose a new catalyst to improve bottoms upgrading and maximise fuels production from resid feeds.
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FCC metals trapping additive trial (TIA)
Apr-2019
The Parkland refinery in Burnaby, British Columbia has consistently high levels of feed metals going to the FCC. In the past, high levels of fresh catalyst ...
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Hydrate formation in a fluid catalytic cracking off-gas line
Apr-2019
A hydrate blockage led to sudden loss of a FCC unit’s off-gas flow and a system pressure surge. Comprehensive troubleshooting delivered remedial mea ...
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Greatly increase FCC residue processing through simple steps of additive control (ERTC)
Jan-2019
With oncoming challenges of IMO and further gaseous emissions control regulations, it is becoming a challenge for refiners in the European area to stay ...
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A flexible and innovative solution to temporarily mitigate FCC catalyst losses (ERTC)
Jan-2019
In the fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), fluidisation of the catalyst is essential to ensure continuous operation of the unit.
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Controlling the metals content of FCC equilibrium catalyst
Sep-2018
A method for calculating catalyst make-up provides a means to control the stability of FCC equilibrium catalyst in terms of metals content
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Maximising propylene and isobutylene from the FCC
Aug-2018
A combination of recent catalyst and additive developments raised a refinery’s output of FCC propylene and isobutylene.
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Reducing NOx emissions from an FCC unit (TIA)
Aug-2018
Refinery processes account for a considerable share of the overall emissions of air pollutants in Europe. The Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is the ...
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Challenges and opportunities of an FCC revamp
Jul-2018
An FCC revamp for enhanced refinery performance and profitability called for close coordination with the technology licensor and contractors.
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Interpreting FCC equilibrium 
catalyst data
Apr-2018
Regular Ecat and fines analysis provides information to support optimum performance from the FCC.
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SOx and NOx emission abatement in the FCC
Feb-2018
The complexities of sulphur and nitrogen species formation in the FCC call for tailor made catalyst additive chemistry to limit formation of polluting ...