ARTICLES
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Spent sulphuric acid regeneration (SAR) process
May-2012
Several chemical processes utilise concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst or dehydrating agent, in which the acid becomes “spent”; ie, weakened ...
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Residue desulphurisation and conversion
Apr-2006
The current market forces that presage a boom in resid hydrotreatment are examined along with recently reported progress in technology
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Diesel hydrotreating and mild hydrocracking
Oct-2011
Increased hydroprocessing capability must provide an acceptable long-term return on capital, while producing the desired product yields and qualities
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Sulphuric acid recovery from sulphurous waste streams
Oct-1998
The WSA process is a catalytic system for producing concentrated sulphuric acid from any sulphur-containing offgas, without the use of chemicals
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Linings for sulphur storage tanks
Apr-2015
Flexible spray coatings combat the corrosion mechanisms of sulphur stored in steel tanks.
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Solutions for the treatment of highly 
sour gases
Apr-2012
Process technologies for the cost-effective treatment of natural gas with high and ultra-high acid gas content
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LO-CAT: a flexible hydrogen sulphide removal process
Feb-2015
The hydrocarbon engineering industry faces tighter restrictions for hydrogen sulphide (H2S) emissions and expanding requirements for sulphur recovery. ...
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Developments in H2S scavenging
Jun-2018
Advances in the application of triazine scavengers have significantly 
improved process efficiencies.
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Sulphur tail gas thermal oxidiser systems
Dec-2008
SRUs (sulphur recovery units) in refineries and gas plants remove sulphur compounds from sulphur containing fuel gases and from natural gas and crude oil ...
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Refining/petrochemical integration 
- FCC gasoline to petrochemicals
May-2015
The global trend in motor fuel consumption favours diesel over gasoline, with gasoline often being in surplus. There is a simultaneous increase in demand ...
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Importance of heat maintenance in sulphur recovery units
Mar-2016
While sulphur recovery in an SRU depends on the condensation and removal of elemental sulphur, its unintended condensation and accumulation can present ...
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Designing for sulphur removal and storage: part 1
Apr-2010
Selection of technologies for the sulphur block must serve legislative demands and the efficient operation of upstream processes
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Operational challenges in sour 
water stripping
Jul-2019
How to keep a sour water stripper at optimum performance between shutdowns.
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Impact of low-sulphur bunkers 
on refineries
Mar-2009
Proposed IMO global sulphur specifications on bunker fuels market and options available to reduce fuel oil sulphur are reviewed
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Enhanced sulphur recovery from lean acid gases containing COS and mercaptans
Apr-2010
Claus configurations are available for more effective sulphur recovery from lean acid gas containing significant concentrations of organic sulphur com ...
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Risks of accumulated sulphur in sulphur recovery units
Apr-2014
While recovering sulphur in an SRU depends on condensation of sulphur, its unintended condensation and accumulation can present problems.
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Capture and convert - handling mercaptans in hydrocarbon streams
Dec-2008
With the development of increasingly difficult hydrocarbon streams, mercaptans emerge as a major nuisance. The removal and conversion of mercaptans is ...
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Jan-2009
Design considerations for clean diesel hydrotreating. Critical issues are 
discussed when designing a hydrotreating facility to produce diesel fuel ...
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World’s biggest sulphur forming site
Jul-2014
The Habshan Sulphur Granulation Plant, located about 16km southeast of the existing Habshan Gas Complex in Abu Dhabi, is about to be the world’s largest ...
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Improving sulphur recovery units
Jul-2006
A new alternative to the Claus unit tail gas treatment has been found in the wet gas scrubber. This can maintain or increase acid gas feed rates to the ...
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Tail gas scrubber sulphur plant by-pass ability aids emergency shutdowns and startups
Nov-2015
From the European Union to the USA, national and international bodies are putting in place increasingly stringent legislation to limit emissions.
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Jan-2013
Poor-quality crude oils and strict environmental regulations promote the use of technologies that favour energy savings and environmental protection
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Challenges and opportunities of 10 ppm sulphur gasoline: part 1
Jul-2012
Prospect of a worldwide standard for ULSG and the challenges of increased heavy crude supplies demand careful consideration and selection of refinery ...
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Designing for sulphur removal and storage: part II
Jul-2010
Selection of technologies for the sulphur block must serve legislative demands and the efficient operation of upstream processes
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Extending the treatment of highly sour gases: cryogenic distillation
Jan-2014
Cryogenic bulk removal of H2S or CO2 offers an economic advantage when the separated acid gases from super sour gas are re-injected
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IMO 2020 - Maritime CEMS and refinery changes
May-2020
For several years, the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has stipulated low levels of sulphur emissions close to densely populated coastal areas, ...
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Boosting mild hydrocracking performance
Aug-2020
Optimising its mild hydrocracking operations using new catalyst developments enabled a refinery to meet more complex targets for fuel quality.
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Pricing licences for gas processing units
Mar-2021
How technologies can be selected on the best licensing terms.
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Start-up and shutdown issues in sulphur processing
Nov-2020
Knowing the limitations of the sulphur unit and what may occur during start-ups and shutdowns helps to prevent damage.
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Acid gas fired reheater control
Jun-2021
Operating as close as possible to the stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio is advised for acid gas fired reheaters.
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Catalytic strategies to meet gasoline sulphur limits
Apr-2015
Stricter regulations reducing average gasoline sulphur content will require further reduction of FCC gasoline sulphur
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Wireless instruments in corrosive and hazardous locations
Jun-2018
Wireless instruments introduce a range of benefits in corrosive and 
hazardous process areas.
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Mar-2021
A process for wet scrubbing off-gases from the SRU helps preserve neighbourly relations.
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May-2022
Fired heaters, also called furnaces, use the heat from combustion of hydrocarbons to increase the temperature of a fluid. Direct-fired heaters are common ...
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Determination of total sulphur in biofuels from feedstock to endproduct according to ASTM D5453
Jul-2022
Sulphur is a natural component in both crude oil and biobased feedstocks that will be present in diesel and gasoline unless it is removed during the production ...
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IMO 2020: meeting the challenge
Sep-2020
Developments in fuel additive technology address challenges and uncertainties raised by the IMO 2020 regulations
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Optimise your workflow and improve lab efficiencies
Oct-2020
XOS’ Sindie® series sulphur analysers offer a variety of features and capabilities aiming to improve your operational efficiencies. In addition, XOS’ ...
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Cleaning amine units cost effectively
May-2021
Heat stable salts are dissolved or avoided by chemical products and cleaning methods during operations and turnarounds.
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Simulation of Claus unit performance
Nov-2019
Simulating a sulphur recovery unit using a fundamental approach enables the effects of process changes on a host of performance metrics to be reliably ...
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Importance of heat maintenance in sulphur recovery units
Mar-2016
While sulphur recovery in an SRU depends on the condensation and removal of elemental sulphur, its unintended condensation and accumulation can present ...
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Sulphidation corrosion in a claus waste heat boiler
Aug-2021
Simulation enabled a refiner to avoid potentially dangerous operating conditions in a sulphur recovery unit.
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Spent sulphuric acid regeneration (SAR) process
May-2012
Several chemical processes utilise concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst or dehydrating agent, in which the acid becomes “spent”; ie, weakened ...
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Acid gas treatment upgrade for Qatargas
Jul-2016
Upgrading acid gas treatment at the world’s largest LNG facility safeguards the plant’s design capacity and its ability to process increasingly sour ...
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FCC gasoline desulphurisation for Tier 3 sulphur compliance
Sep-2017
FCC gasoline desulphurisation is used widely in refineries around the world. It is growing in importance because of new regulations that require sulphur ...
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SOx and NOx emission abatement in the FCC
Feb-2018
The complexities of sulphur and nitrogen species formation in the FCC call for tailor made catalyst additive chemistry to limit formation of polluting ...
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Developments in H2S scavenging
Jun-2018
Advances in the application of triazine scavengers have significantly 
improved process efficiencies.
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Risks of accumulated sulphur in sulphur recovery units
Apr-2014
While recovering sulphur in an SRU depends on condensation of sulphur, its unintended condensation and accumulation can present problems.
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Direct oxidation sulphur recovery process for very lean acid gas applications
Jun-2016
Due to higher demand in desulphurisation and new environmental regulations, Companies need to find robust and efficient technologies while considering ...
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Technology selection for a natural gas plant
May-2019
Selecting equipment for a sulphur block requires balancing technical performance and costs, as well as local conditions and regulations.
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Operational challenges in sour 
water stripping
Jul-2019
How to keep a sour water stripper at optimum performance between shutdowns.
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Proactively preventing reactor runaway events
Aug-2023
A quantitative method for selecting emergency actions could prevent hydrocracker reactor temperature excursion and runaway while avoiding flaring.
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COS and mercaptans removal from gases
Apr-2023
Challenges with removing trace sulphur species can be better understood and resolved with a new kinetic model validated by plant data in its ability to ...
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Advances in catalyst sulphiding and passivation
Mar-2023
By continuously measuring H2S and hydrogen levels, online analysers provide real-time analysis of a hydrocracking reactor’s recycle gas and a data stream ...
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Kinetic model for TGU hydrogenation reactors: Part 1 model development
Feb-2023
Development of rigorous model for reaction kinetics and catalyst deactivation mechanisms capable of predicting SRU and TGU performance is presented.
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Feb-2023
Using SWSPlus technology to transform sulphur recovery facilities from a cost centre to positive cash flow.
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Using reactivated hydroprocessing catalysts in TGTUs for financial and sustainability rewards (ERTC)
Nov-2022
For over 40 years, the global petroleum refining industry has successfully been reusing hydroprocessing catalysts through ex situ reactivation, to capitalise ...
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Hydroprocessing catalysts sulphiding with DMDS: Carelflex® Connect brings more than IIoT (ERTC)
Nov-2022
Two years after the launch of its new digital Carelflex® service, Arkema has greatly improved the content of its digital platform known as Carelflex® ...
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Design of sulphur recovery units
Nov-2022
Cost-effective methodologies for SRU developments should incorporate advanced structural design aspects with process design improvements.
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Efficient and cost-effective amine purification process
Oct-2022
In refineries and gas processing complexes, H₂S and CO₂ present in the sour gases are removed using an aqueous solution of alkanolamine.
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Recovery of ammonia from sour gases and conversion to valuable products
Oct-2022
Sour gases generated from a two-stage sour water stripping unit (SWSU) comprise mainly two types of waste stream: an H₂S-rich stream and an NH₃-rich ...
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Determination of total sulphur in biofuels from feedstock to endproduct according to ASTM D5453
Jul-2022
Sulphur is a natural component in both crude oil and biobased feedstocks that will be present in diesel and gasoline unless it is removed during the production ...
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May-2022
Fired heaters, also called furnaces, use the heat from combustion of hydrocarbons to increase the temperature of a fluid. Direct-fired heaters are common ...
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Controlling hyper-active catalysts with injection (ERTC)
Dec-2021
Starting up a hydrocracker after a catalyst change-out can be complex and operationally challenging, especially when high-activity cracking catalysts have ...
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Sulphur spiking agents for hydroprocessing units activation (ERTC)
Dec-2021
The hydroprocessing process employs catalysts in which the active species are molybdenum or tungsten sulphides promoted by cobalt or nickel sulphides. ...
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Sulphidation corrosion in a claus waste heat boiler
Aug-2021
Simulation enabled a refiner to avoid potentially dangerous operating conditions in a sulphur recovery unit.
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Acid gas fired reheater control
Jun-2021
Operating as close as possible to the stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio is advised for acid gas fired reheaters.
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Tail gas hydrotreating in a high H2S gas plant
Jun-2021
A tail gas hydrotreating catalyst delivers stable sulphur recovery operations, including low emission levels and energy savings, with a low rate of de ...
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Cleaning amine units cost effectively
May-2021
Heat stable salts are dissolved or avoided by chemical products and cleaning methods during operations and turnarounds.
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Advances in crude to chemicals
Apr-2021
In mature markets like the US, refineries are revisiting their business models, asset base and technology options. This is due to regional and global changes ...
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Accurate analysis of chlorine in vacuum gas oil and low sulphur fuel oil
Apr-2021
Why measure chlorine in vgo and vlsfo? Vacuum gas oil, more commonly referred to as VGO, is primarily used as a feed for cracking units such as the fluid ...
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Mar-2021
A process for wet scrubbing off-gases from the SRU helps preserve neighbourly relations.
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Trends and developments in gas analysis
Mar-2021
Technical and digital developments are modernising the way gas analysers are built and used.
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Pricing licences for gas processing units
Mar-2021
How technologies can be selected on the best licensing terms.
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Is there an alternative to conventional hydrotreating of FCC naphtha that will reduce octane loss?
Feb-2021
Responses to a question in the Q1 2021 issues Q&A feature
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Feb-2021
Responses to a question in the Q1 2021 issues Q&A Feature
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