KOC-15™- Flexible and effective way to lower afterburn in your FCC unit
KOC-15 additive is Albemarle’s most widely used platinum-based combustion promoter, and is commercially proven to provide many refiners with a reliable, low-cost and flexible solution to afterburn and excess carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. In the regenerator, the coke (carbon) on the spent catalyst is burned to form carbon dioxide (CO2). During combustion of carbon to CO2, CO forms as an intermediate. The conversion of carbon to CO in the presence of oxygen occurs rapidly; however, the conversion of the CO to CO2 can be rate limiting.
Under ideal conditions, the conversion of carbon to CO2 occurs entirely in the dense bed of the regenerator, where the heat liberated from this reaction is absorbed by the surrounding catalyst particles. If CO is allowed to escape the dense bed, it continues to react with the available oxygen. When this occurs in the dilute phase, the cyclones, the plenum or even further downstream of the FCC regenerator, there is little or no catalyst present to absorb the heat generated. This leads to high temperatures in these areas, a phenomenon known as afterburn.
When unmitigated, the high temperatures associated with afterburn may cause serious metallurgical damage and lead to unexpected shutdowns and, consequently, significant losses. KOC-15 reduces this risk by increasing (promoting) the rate of conversion of CO to CO2 in the dense bed.
Albemarle tested KOC-15 against five commercially available competitors’ combustion promoters. The results (Figure 1) showed that KOC-15 provided the highest conversion of CO to CO2 per unit of platinum in the additive.
-
Get more from your gas oil feed streams. Facing today’s economic challenges, refiners worldwide are seeking to restore margins and increase profits by maximizing yields from their operations. For the gas oil market, Albemarle’s research and development team has created a breakthrough fluid ...
-
AMBER catalysts are frequently used, high-quality catalysts from the Albemarle portfolio and are manufactured using ADM-20 matrix technology, which is common to its high-accessibility catalysts. AMBER is the benchmark for maximum transportation fuels against which all other gas oil catalysts are measured. ...
-
Too often profitability is lost because refiners lack adequate accessibility and bottoms cracking power in their catalyst. Albemarle has developed BCMT-500 additive, which features high accessibility and provides powerful functional bottoms conversion sites. BCMT‑500 delivers many pre-cracking ...
-
MD FCC Catalysts - boosting middle distillates production in FCC
Maximizing middle distillates in FCC units. A range of catalysts is available from Albemarle for increasing the production of middle distillates in the FCC process while retaining the many other attractive features of this versatile bottom-ofthe- barrel upgrading process. The key to success is to adjust ...
-
KOC-15™- Flexible and effective way to lower afterburn in your FCC unit
KOC-15 additive is Albemarle’s most widely used platinum-based combustion promoter, and is commercially proven to provide many refiners with a reliable, low-cost and flexible solution to afterburn and excess carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. In the regenerator, the coke (carbon) on the spent catalyst ...
-
Cost-effective SOx reduction solution for full-combustion FCC units. Reducing SOx emissions has become increasingly challenging in many parts of the world. Depending on the location, SOx emission limits are defined at the refinery level as bubble limits; at the individual emissions source; or, in some ...
-
Improving the fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) profit potential of heavy feeds. SMR technology features. The need to process heavy feeds in FCC units continues to grow. Albemarle’s innovative SMR catalyst technology addresses the three fundamentals of heavy feed cracking: coke and dry-gas selectivity; ...
-
AFX™ catalysts for increased propylene production from FCC units
New technology to meet propylene demand. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units are playing an increasingly important role in meeting the growing worldwide demand for propylene. To help refiners meet this demand better, Albemarle has introduced the innovative AFX catalyst technology and catalyst family, ...
-
Raising the octane value of FCC gasoline with minimal loss of volume. Taking advantage of new zeolite technology. The chances are that raising the octane level of the gasoline produced in your FCC unit is high on your agenda. Octane has become a key issue for many refiners with the advent of more-efficient ...
-
ELIMINOx™ - flexible combustion promotion with lower NOx emissions
ELIMINOx is Albemarle’s most widely used non-platinum-containing combustion promoter. More than 20 refineries around the world have used it to provide excellent carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation and to control afterburn with significantly lower NOx emissions when compared with traditional platinum ...